(See response to Prompt #21) Religion is what we bow down to or what we look up to and self-knowledge will reveal the idols that one may look up to or bow down to. Darwin and Nietzsche: Part 3: Truth as Correctness: Its Relation to Values. Can new knowledge change established values and beliefs? - WordPress.com The "brand new" TOK exhibition is worth 33% of the grades. Thus the issue between competing scientific theories cannot always be settled by experience. In TOK we are asked to put questions to what we think we know and how we think we know. what you are getting your education for. Required fields are marked *. We do not have to look far for examples of disputes with the proper naming of things and you may find any number of them for your Exhibition. Dianoiais that thinking which brings separate things together and allows those things to be seen as units, ones or monads. We establish values for a reason, and that reason has to do with who we are. As part of your education, empirical science is an experience in which you conduct experiments; by contrast, in literature or the arts you may be called upon to write an essay (an attempt, a test) based on personal experience or your experience of a text. Can new knowledge change established new values and beliefs? In order to know the audience so that ones knowledge can be communicated, the speaker of such knowledge must understand the human beings who are the hearers. In asking the question why do we seek knowledge, we are asking what is the reason that our being is grounded in the principle of reason. Can New Knowledge Change Establish Values or Beliefs - Free download as Word Doc (.doc / .docx), PDF File (.pdf), Text File (.txt) or read online for free. This calculus or reckoning is not only present in mathematics; it is the foundation or ground of the utilitarian principles of ethics. Phronesisdeals with the proper sighting of the soulandphronesisis developed through experience and self-knowledge. Because reason is aratio,an account, if it is not given a judgement remains without justification. For a thing to be in the first place, reason must supply its being and the thing must give itself back to the inquiring subject as being able to be known through calculation and measurement i.e. That which is animate is also included here in this determination of being as object: nothing distinguishes humans from other animals or species (Darwins Origin of Species). The acronyms and the specialized language in use in those communities are not things that those outside of the community are familiar with. Does all knowledge impose ethical obligations on those who know it? The various types of knowledge that were understood by the Greeks and which are outlined in the linkCT 1: Introduction to Theory of Knowledge: Knowledge and the Knower indicate that interpretation is linked to doubt and skepticism in our modern understanding of what knowledge is. The Greeks understood technology as the theoretical knowledge that makes the practical applications possible. Here are some links that might be useful in discussing the key concepts of your Exhibition regarding this topic: CT 1: Knowledge and Reason as Empowering and Empowerment. Can new knowledge change established values or beliefs? We do not acquire what can be called objective knowledge of nature as that was traditionally understood. Our doubt and skepticism, on the other hand, is spurred by the requirement of giving sufficient reasons for a things being what and how it is, and should these not be given, then the thing is not. Techneis a know how that is established and derived from a knowledge by acquaintance or epistemology. can new knowledge change established values or beliefs objects cscl star vessel flag autism and narcissism differences . Affects, passions and feelings (the manner in which we conceive of emotion) are not to be seen as inner experiences: what we are concerned with here is not psychology, not even a psychology underpinned by physiology and biology, but . These have to do with communities. Reasons must be rendered to human beings who determine objects as objects by way of a representation that judges. It is difficult to take as sane someone who does not. The counting on and relying on are the metaphysics that undergird what is the essence of technology as it is defined in these writings. The book Les malheurs de Sophie was made by Kounouz about the misfortunes of a girl named Sophie. Technology is our understanding of what it means to be, the way we understand what it takes for something, anything, to be. Our delimitations and definitions of the things are arrived at prior to their placement in various domains of knowledge and these horizons of the things are arrived at through the use of the principle of reason in our cognitions. What has been determined that you should know if you wish to be a prosperous member of the society which holds that the kind of knowledge espoused is the most valuable to possess? These questions are embedded in our understanding of causality and in our cognition through our search for reasons to understand why a thing is the way it is. For example, the statement: Mathematical knowledge is certain is a second-order knowledge claim because it is about mathematical knowledge, and the tools that are suggested by this prompt will usually be related to the knowledge that is produced mathematically. It is what guarantees that something is firmly established, secured in its grounds of its place as an object for human cognition. For example, if we want our automobiles to perform at optimum efficiency, we are obliged, we owe it to the automobiles to maintain them properly. We demand that things give us the reasons for their being the way they are. About calculus, Leibniz once wrote: When God reckons, a world comes into being; with the death of God it is, of course, human beings who do the reckoning that bring worlds into being, what we call perspectivism. To reckon on something or rely on something means that we can expect it and to see it as something upon which we can build. We go to something to see (perhaps with artificial aids such as microscopes) what happens to it under varying conditions, either waiting for the new conditions to arise or intervening to produce them. This is what Kant called his transcendental method. Those who are affectively motivated to form beliefs independent of conceptual coherence will have little motivation to revise those beliefs in light of new ideas that could increase coherence. That is, the thing must give itself back to us as an object prior to our investigation of it. This origin usually deals with the question of motion or movement so the question is raised From where, originally, did the change or motion come from? An explanation is a scientific account of a thing, and by this we mean that sufficient reasons have been given for its being the way it is. To manage the world as picture we need to think in terms of quantity and measurement, the calculable. From where do these obligations stem? your cognition of the things, should come to a greater light or understanding through this exercise. Suffice it to say that it must be asked: where in all human activity do human beings encounter their essence, what they truly are? Clearly, not knowing how a hand phone works is not an indication of madness on our part, but then what is the knowledge that is being spoken about by Socrates? What role do experts play in influencing our consumption or acquisition of knowledge? People were willing, and still are willing, to pay outrageous prices for a product with Donald Trumps name on it even though the products themselves have been shown to be of an inferior quality. This understanding is grounded in the principle of sufficient reason. OT 2: Language and Knowledge. 6. In the global society of the future, these experts will be those who are able to put the discoveries of science to use i.e. The second example is a result of the system that is in place that allows beings to seen as how we wish to view them. what counts as good evidence. Your TOK exhibition is worth 35% of the grade. We believe that a truth is only a truth if a reason can be rendered for it. It is obvious that such seeing of possibilities and potentialities is dependent upon the techneof the technological viewing and those who proceed with unethical actions will do so because they believe some personal end which will bring about their own personal eudaimoniaor happiness will be the result, and they will do so under a sense of duty or be just following the orders of their superiors. It can also be a statement exhibiting a relation of implication i.e. To disseminate means to spread something widely so that it is available for public viewing; it is a bringing to presence of some thing so that others may be able to view it. While the perceived value of a product or a brand in the past usually accrued over time, nowadays the value of a product is truly in the eyes of a beholder rather than in the usefulness or good of the product itself. Tautologies are prominent in modern day computer language. The noun logos and the verb legein from the Greek mean to gather together, to lay one beside the other. Technology as the principle of sufficient reason is the guideline that governs all our relations to beings including our practical relations. In other areas, there are few, for example, who understand the mathematics involved in quantum and relativity physics. Hence the gigantic of planning and calculating. 33. Can New Knowledge Change Establish Values or Beliefs | PDF Our cognition, our conscious awareness, is a type of representational thinking which, in the presentation or the experience, some thing we encounter comes to stand, to a standstill, is put in a position or place. WHAT Object #2 Can new knowledge change established values or beliefs? Now they are contrasted with mere observation and description, guided by no mathematical anticipation. To count on means that the knowledge produced can be relied upon with certainty to be that which is said about it. The word expert derives from expertise or know how and this kind of knowledge is what the Greeks called techne. The tools are antecedent to our viewing of the world as technological and they can only produce or allow us to acquire what is called knowledge in a pre-determined manner, a manner which produced the tools themselves in the first place. This is a challenging task and I've created a blog post explaining how you to get all of the marks on these here ). The USA is going through some deep conflicts at the moment in that its Constitution begins with We hold these truths to be self-evident But its sciences illustrate that there are no self-evident truths and that what are believed to be self-evident truths are coming into conflict with the conveniences that have been revealed and desired through their technology, the tendencies towards autocratism and fascism being two examples . I just have one question. What is essential is not mere ignorance, mere unfamiliarity, but a presumption of knowledge. 7. 23. All dissemination of knowledge is, in one form or another, political since it deals with the community or the polis. 32. r/IBO. Experiment in this sense is quite different from experience: science becomes rational-mathematical, i.e. It reveals when it is true; it does not reveal when it is false. If you know something, it will always integrate with more knowledge if you attain it. This putting of questions to things is our inquiring into and about the nature of the things that we know and how we know them. When we speak of the production of knowledge, we are tacitly recognizing technology as a way of knowing as a way of revealing the things that are hidden. A sufficient reason is both a demonstration and an explanation of some thing or event, but the thing or event must be made and become an object of inquiry a priori through the application of the principle of sufficient reason. His speech is sophistry. Are some types of knowledge more useful than others? How might the context in which knowledge is presented influence whether it is accepted or rejected? Education is the experience of the leading out or leading forth, experience understood as, or of, an external, objective event, and the lessons one learns from such events. How one re-searches the historical developments within an area of knowledge will be determined byhermaneuticsand the de-constructionof language. He asserts that the American Constitution and his reading of the FederalistPapers#65 by Hamilton allow the President to act in any manner he deems fit regarding his re-election as long as that action is in the public interest. What are the implications of having, or not having, knowledge? One of the obvious challenges in communicating and disseminating knowledge is translation. All translation is an interpretation. Hence, is it our ethical duty that our thoughts, beliefs and values evolve over time when new information comes to light? IB TOK Exhibition example: Theory of Knowledge - Clastify The handing over of knowledge is done through language and this language may be in the form of speech, numbers, or images/representations. How so? Do we really know what we mean when we say counts? let alone the things of nature, are not truly mirrors in which we behold only ourselves (Heidegger). Technology itself is a disclosive looking and is not to be understood as manufacturing. How is current knowledge shaped by its historical development? But as Aristotle once said: For as the eyes of bats are to the blaze of day, so is the reason in our soul to the things which are by nature most evident of all.. Objects are shorn of their essences and regarded as mere individuals (or ones/units) conforming to mathematical regularities. That we have areas of knowledge is a recognition of the need for specialization in our studies since so much information and knowledge has been amassed in these areas through our pursuit of knowledge. While language first has to do with hearing, its purpose is to make us see the thing that is named. Infatuation is that love of the beauty which is in the eye of the beholder. Not all knowledge is good, it seems. This exhibition (done in 11th grade) was about how new equipment in the music industry was preliminary for the "SoundCloud Rap" era in hip-hop. Here in Bali, the gods choose to show themselves more favourably so that a Balinese person would have no trouble concurring with the ancient Greek Heraclitus that everything is full of gods. We impose laws to determine our behaviours in our communities. Our tragic literature and our art, generally, demonstrate that there might not be as great a separation between theory and practice as we have been led to believe. The organisation and classification of things is based on what we know of the things to begin with: the plant-like of the plant, the animation of the animal, the thingness of the thing, etc. Just as Artificial Intelligence machines arrive at their conclusions that are held in their programming (producing a haiku, for example), you too will also produce an outcome based on your chosen prompt in the manner of how you will examine your three images or objects; and like an Artificial Intelligence machine (to use a metaphor), you will produce a pre-programmed response though you may not be consciously aware of this. It is extremely difficult to question the ethics of those possibilities and potentialities because the language from which we could question them arose within the same crucible of seeing or theory that made them possible in the first place i.e. Sophists are the norm in todays societies; and because they are the norm, they should be treated with scepticism. The German philosopher Nietzsche once wrote: To stamp becoming with the character of being that is the supreme will to power (WP 617). The why and the how, as well as the what are explained and this is usually indicated by our use of the word be-cause, the cause is. One cannot say that Galileos doctrine of the free fall of bodies is true and that of Aristotle, who holds that light bodies strive upwards, is false; for the Greek conception of the essence of body, of place, and of their relationship depends on a different interpretation of beings and therefore engenders a different way of seeing and examining natural processes. (See particularly the comments by Heisenberg in the blogs on The Natural Sciences.). Bob has also created the harmonies for music on todays podcast, theyre really beautiful. I have written at greater length about values, knowledge and truth in other sections of this blog and you can explore those writings should you choose to do so. ), while a world-view can be either pre-scientific or scientific. CT 1: Knowledge and Reason as Empowering and Empowerment. With regard to the production of knowledge, Shakespeares The art is nature perhaps captures it best; it is what we as human beings are. Adequate is a synonym for sufficient, so evidence is considered adequate when sufficient reasons are provided for the judgements that are made; and when these are provided, they are considered good evidence. See the link: What is a work of Art? The Natural Sciences as an Area of Knowledge: We might begin a response to this prompt by saying that if there are things then they are knowable by the very fact of their being a thing. to determine what our tastes should be in our various forms of entertainment. Why, for example, are we obliged to preserve panda bears in conditions that are far better than most human beings in the world? While this is not so much an issue for high school students, it will become very much an issue as they proceed in their education. When the soul is not beautiful, it is ugly and deformed. This is why works of art are turned into things nowadays so that something may be said about them as to what they are and what they may mean.What is unknowable is not a thing. Whether we are speaking of the cherry tree in bloom in the streets or the David that was once hidden in the marble and now stands in Florence, producing knowledge involves a great deal of our time as human beings both in our work and our play. Arkadiusz Wargacki People tend to recognize their knowledge as the only correct image of reality surrounding them, as something indisputable and unchangeable. (cf. The modern world-picture, however, involves several components: mathematical science; machine technology; the reduction of art to an object of experience; the conception of all human activity as culture and as the realization of values (empowerment), the concern of a cultural policy politically; a godlessness that co-exists with the modernization of the Christian world-view and with intense religious experience. Due to these people's different viewpoints of how they view an article, new knowledge can sometimes change established values or beliefs, but not always. AnywayToday Im joined by Theatre Teacher, Bob Scheer. Our two latest AOKs were called Religious Knowledge Systems and Indigenous Knowledge Systems. Theory of Knowledge: An Alternative Approach. Knowledge and politics Press to see Commentary 1 -The caste system caused a division between Indians. To what areas of knowledge do the images/objects you have chosen belong? The Greek polis is not properly understood as a culture, and we do not translate Platos Republic, for instance, as Platos Culture, yet the discussions in that dialogue are what we would understand as culture. This perfection is the striving for the completeness of the foundation. Each historical age has its own particular concept of greatness; and our concept of greatness is purely quantitative, the gigantic not only gigantic monuments, but the traversal of vast distances at immense velocities, etc. Because not all of a work of art or a poem, for instance, can be accounted for through these calculations, we refer to our responses to them as subjective and we strive to give an account of the work which will overcome this subjectivity and will conform to the principle of sufficient reason, a giving of an adequate account with the evidence for such an account.Our mode of access to a type of thing, e.g. For the interpretation of a result as a result is conducted with the help of the principle {the principle of reason}, presupposed, but not grounded. In your analysis of your chosen prompt, you need to determine whether or not it is a first-order question and therefore a description or explanation, or whether or not it is a second order question and therefore involves the nature of knowledge, the type of knowledge involved, and how we know. The products of Microsoft may indeed have once belonged to Bill Gates, but the knowledge that brought about those products he has taken possession of, and that knowledge and its truth is present to everyone. We commonly associate experiencing with an I, a subject or a consciousness. The concept of a culture is 19th century thought for what we call cultures are historically determined and the knowledge brought forward from them will also be historically determined. Such a precedence was not present in the early Greek understanding of truth and, subsequently, what we understand as knowledge is not how the Greeks understood knowledge. View all posts by theoryofknowledgeanalternativeapproach. No reason is given for the shops being closed i.e. An old story which Plato speaks about in his Theaetetus is that Thales, while occupied in studying the heavens above and looking up, fell into a well. A priori comes from the Latin for what comes before, earlier; the a priori is the earlier. This object is included in this exhibition because it shows how credible an article can become based on an individual's beliefs or values. As you know, you need to choose one of the 35 IA prompts to base your exhibition on. If a thing cannot be named, it cannot be given over to others. You may want to reflect on the saying: the good end justifies any means and through your examples show the nature of bias. The truth of a principle can never be proved from its result. Current research into AI, artificial intelligence, is being questioned because so much of it is occurring beyond good and evil or beyond ethical considerations. This evidence or explanation will find its grounds in the principle of sufficient reason. To count can be understood as what is a priori in the project, such as your Exhibition itself. This need for the surety of what some thing is gives rise to our preference for mathematical calculus as that which represents knowledge in modernity. The roles of the media in its various forms is something that will need to be addressed. An explanation is a rendering or handing over of an account of things. the Greek wordmathematical.