Now there are thirteen on this one street! No blow has been struck except for liberty and humanity, and none will be., Is this Imperialism? In the storm clouds on the left, the Eastern Question looms. By the spring of 1900, Boxer attacks were spreading toward the capital city of Beijing. As Britain stepped up financial industries, shipping, and insurance to make up the deficit, global sea power took on additional significance. The White (!) Civilization and its Discontents: The Boxers and Luddites as Heroes and Villains., The Ohio State University Billy Ireland Cartoon Library & Museum, CGACGA, The Ohio State University Billy Ireland Cartoon Library & Museum, Theodore Roosevelt Center at Dickinson State University, CGACGA, The Ohio State University, Billy Ireland Cartoon Library & Museum, William H. Walker Cartoon Collection, Princeton University Library, The Ohio State University Cartoon Research Library. 23 later, in the sorrows of empire: militarism, secrecy, and the end of the republic (2004), johnson does not perceive 27-1-09 (July 6, 2009). Abe Ignacio, Enrique de la Cruz, Jorge Emmanuel, Helen Toribo. Pro-imperialist cartoons often depicted the West as literally shining the light of civilization and progress on barbaric peoples. She researches visual narrative and digital historiography using the visual historical record.This article was adapted from Visualizing Cultures. On Chinas side, the Boxers were absorbed into the Qing government forces to fight the invaders. However, brutally repressive policies followed that included accusations of genocide. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like White Man's Burden, East India Company, Opium War and more. Cohen, Paul A. Facebook. The Presidents Speech. William Bengough,Life, May 24, 1900. The test of U.S. naval power came with the Spanish-American War. hier encore nous avons pris un important commando. In the centerfold of the August 16, 1899 issue of Puck, the not-so-cynical Keppler extended his feminization of global power politics to other great nations including a new arrival on the scene: Japan. What do they expect from a drunken soldier, anyway? By the end of 1898, a succession of U.S. military successes and territorial acquisitions reinforced the image of the United States standing side by side with Great Britain in bringing civilization and peace to the world. The following year,Lifecartoonist William H. Walker evoked the horror of the Allied intervention in China in a graphic captioned, Almost thou persuadest me to be a ChristianActs xxvi, 28. A Chinese man falls off his chair, the Bible at his feet, laughing at Uncle Sams duplicity in preaching Christianity while showing a bloody panorama of Allied soldiers executing and marauding on a screen. The world view that Rudyard Kipling and other proponents of colonialism believed in was one in which the white man was the guardian and protector of the planet and its people. The caption, From the Cape to Cairo. When a Chinese coolie strikes a French soldier the result is a public cry of Barbarity! But when a French soldier strikes a coolie, its a necessary blow for civilization. Ren Georges Hermann-Paul,Le Cri de Paris, July 10, 1899. In often searing graphics, they challenged the complacent propagandists for Western expansion by addressing (and illustrating) a devastating question about the savage wars of peace. Source:The Ohio State University Billy Ireland Cartoon Library & Museum. The wars undertaken in the name of Civilization and Progress were more savage, tortuous, and contradictory than is often recognized. 730-735 (2008). White Man's Burden: The social, religious and cultural excuses to justify imperialism and gunship diplomacy Posted on March 31, 2014 by JL Admin European imperialism of the last few centuries were heavily centered on the perceived moral responsibility of its leaders toward other supposedly backward regions of the world. Tuffnell, Stephen. Shortly after Kiplingspoemappeared, the consistently anti-imperialist Life fired back with a decidedly different view of the white mans burden on its March 16, 1899 cover: a cartoon that showed the foreign powers riding on the backs of their colonial subjects. In his 1898 notes for the Treaty of Pariswhich ended the Spanish-American War with Spain surrendering Cuba and ceding territories including Puerto Rico, Guam, and the PhilippinesMcKinley made a prototypical statement of the civilizers responsibilities in the kind of rhetoric still used today: We took up arms only in obedience to the dictates of humanity and in the fulfillment of high public and moral obligations. If you wish to use copyrighted material for purposes other than "fair use" you must request permission from the Britain stepped in to defend the rights of the immigrants, known asuitlanders(foreigners) to the Boers. The caption reference to harvest surely carried multiple meaning to many ofLifes American readers. In contradiction to the western white mans burden narrative, both Bush and Blair presided over torture programs victimising Muslim people-of-colour. The blackboard contains the lessons learned from Great Britain on how to govern a colony and bring them into the civilized world, stating, By not waiting for their consent she has greatly advanced the worlds civilization. No blow has been struck except for liberty and humanity, and none will be.William McKinley. W. A. Rogers,Harpers Weekly, July 28, 1900. Driven by competition with each other and economic pressures at home, the worlds major powers ventured to ever-distant lands to spread their religion, culture, power, and sources of profits. Germanys Kaiser Wilhelm II appears as an anointed leader, his angel wings made of swords, astride a cannon dragged by clerics and missionaries toward foreign lands. Simultaneously, the war against Spain in Cuba and the Caribbean saw the U.S. seizure of Cubas Guantanamo Bay in June, giving the U.S. a naval base retained into the 21st century. The image is ironically paired with a quote attributed to an Official Report to the War Office that says iron railing through which an electric current runs makes the healthiest and safest fences., Les Progrs de la Science (The Advances of Science). The caption reads Think It Overa phrase that also appeared later in Mark Twains To the Person Sitting in Darkness essay. Many peasants vaguely suspected of being Boxers were executed. Blocking its uphill path, the Chinese dragon crawls downhill bearing a Boxer waving a bloody sword and banner reading 400 Million Barbarians. The image puts progress and primitivism on a collision course at the edge of a cliff. Although protested by some commanders, no single approach prevailed among these competitive armies thrown together in a loose coalition. May 26, 2022. Thus, under the Here lies (Hic jacet) on each gravestone, we see generic names coupled with places of origin extending from England to Scotland, Ireland, New Zealand, Canada, Australia, Gibraltar, India, Ceylon, and Egypt. On May 1a month before the celebratory second magazine cover reproduced here was publishedCommodore George Dewey destroyed a Spanish fleet in Manila Bay in the Philippines. In the final years of the Civil War, U.S. naval power was second only to the great seafaring empire of Great Britain. I relegated an escort. A scrawny female figure in the background appears to be a skull-faced depiction of Britannia, grown thin and solitary through endless pursuit of war. The turn-of-the-century visual record tells us otherwise. After Many Years. A more earthly approach is taken in the graphic Some One Must Back Up that heads this essay. Columbia and Uncle Sam pluck gifts from Our Christmas Tree, including law and order, technology, and education, for overseas territories Hawaii, Puerto Rico, Cuba, and the Philippines, condescendingly drawn as grateful children. Contemporary wars in the Philippines and Transvaal (the Boer War) comprise the foreground of the Think It Over battlefield. Our Christmas Tree. Udo Keppler,Puck, December 27, 1899. Western missionaries had penetrated the interior, and the missions they established disrupted village traditions. Indeed, the visual record was, in its unique way, more powerfulmore literally graphicthan words alone could ever be. The cause of the explosion is still undetermined. The Boer War Remembered.The Journal of Historical Review, Vol. Uneasiness over the idea of using force to govern a country was overcome by tracing the issue of consent back through recent history. Looming just ahead for the two Anglo nations were turbulence and intervention in such widely dispersed places as Samoa, China, and Africa. Other graphic techniques were used by cartoonists to communicate this message. 18, No. The black-and-white drawing by William H. Walker captured the harsh reality behind the ideal of benevolent assimilation, depicting imperialists Uncle Sam, John Bull, Kaiser Wilhelm, and, coming into view, a figure that probably represents France, as burdens carried by vanquished non-white peoples. As a long-established world empire, Great Britain held sway over some 12 million square miles and a quarter of the worlds population. New commodities also meant advances in weaponry that might give neighboring countriesin particular, Germanythe potential to strike Britain. Hevia, James Louis. In this rendering it is the Bible-toting white invader (The Stranger) who is ridiculed. It was feared that the mystical rituals and xenophobic violence of the Yi He Tuan (Boxer) secret society would overwhelm Chinas ineffectual rulers, cast the country into chaos, and hinder the trade and profits anticipated by the great powers. 77-99 (2011). This unit examines cartoons from the turn-of-the-century visual record that reference civilization and its nemesisbarbarism. Eighteen months before Steinlens disturbing mural, another German artist, Thomas Theodor Heine, published a similarly blood-soaked rendering of the barbarities perpetuated abroad by Western military forces. Pucks caricature of Germanys Bible-quoting Kaiser Wilhelm II ready to machine gun foreign non-believers captures the role of Christianity in turn-of-the-century Western imperialism. Confucius, Missionary banner (Allied forces flags): Whatsoever ye would that men should do to you do ye even so to them. As the disturbance escalated, so did news coverage around the world. For publication of Global Research articles in print or other forms including commercial internet sites, contact: [emailprotected]. Whoever falls into your hands is forfeited. Auto-Truck of Civilization and Trade: the Asia Market. The U.S. entered the elite group of world powers with victories in the Spanish-American War (written in the clouds over the naval battle on the right). In an unprecedented alliance, the second expeditionary force was comprised of (from largest troop size to smallest) Japan, Russia, Great Britain, France, U.S., Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy. William!! And the political cartoons of the timesubjective, emotional, ideological, highly politicized and at the same time, politically diversifiedconvey this complexity with unparalleled sophistication and intensity. Selling Empire: American Propaganda and War in the Philippines., Cullinane, M. Patrick. The Poet, the President & The White Mans Burden, Rudyard Kiplings poem that begins with the line Take up the White Mans burden was published in the United States in the February, 1899 issue ofMcClures Magazine, as the American war against the First Philippine Republic began to escalate. Xiang, Lanxin. The "white man's burden" refers to the duty of Westerners to the rest of the world. The Real White Mans Burden was published in 1902, after the Spanish-American war and it is a satire of another poem by British author Rudyard Kipling - The White Mans Burden. Americas recent subjugated populations are savage, unruly, and rebelliousliterally visually half devil and half child, as Kipling would have it. This was followed by the invasion and takeover of Puerto Rico. Generic names on the gravestones are coupled with places of origin, including England, Scotland, Ireland, New Zealand, Canada, Australia, Gibraltar, India, Ceylon, and Egypt, indicating the diversity of those recruited to fight and die for the British Empire. Families were burned out of their homes and imprisoned in concentration camps. The foothold in the Philippines brought China within reach. (doi:10.1080/14650040802275644). Girls are part of the obedient older class studying books labeled California, Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona. The only non-white student in the older group holds the book titled Alaska and is neatly coifed in contrast to the unruly new class made up of the Philippines, Hawaii, Porto Rico, and Cuba. All are depicted as dark-skinned and childish. The divine right of kingshere, Wilhelm II, Emperor of Germany as a pompous war lord mounted on a colossal cannonis intermingled with the divine mission of clergy, often the first Westerners allowed into foreign lands. Christian missionaries often led the way, followed by politicians, troops, andbringing up the rearbusinessmen. In the September 28, 1901 issue, artist Jean Veber excoriated the shameful subject of the concentration camps British forces used to weaken Boer resistance in the Anglo-Boer War of 18991902. And they complain that drunken American soldiers insult the native women. It is all too easy to assume that Americans, English, and others on the home front could not see what their nations were doing overseas. A tiny female China peers at the scene from behind a wall. 62, Issue 4,pp. 1 (October 7, 2013). Brown, Arthur Judson. British armies had difficulty stopping mounted Boer commandos spread out over large areas of open terrain. By the 1890s, the U.S. began to revitalize both its commercial and naval fleets. The caption, titled The First Duty, carries this subtitle: Civilization (to China)That dragon must be killed before our troubles can be adjusted. In this mockingLifecartoon, a Chinese man with an overturned Bible at his feet laughs ironically at how both the Bible and Uncle Sam relish scenes of slaughter. Though carving the Chinese melon was a popular metaphor, none of the invaders seriously considered partitioning the large country under foreign rule. In the United States, the most famous counter-voice to Kipling and his white mans burden rhetoric was the writer Mark Twain. msotristate is ambiguous in the namespace 'microsoft office core. 799820 (June 2000). Beyond commercial and military prowess, the two nations formed a natural brotherhood within attitudes later labeled as social Darwinism. Original publication of Rudyard Kiplings poem, The White Mans Burden.McClures Magazine, February, 1899 (Vol. Fears that China would descend into chaos and xenophobia justified intervention to safeguard the spread of modernity, civilization, and trade. From 1899 to 1902, the U.S. and Great Britain each became mired in colonial wars that were more vicious and long-lasting than expected. In The Harvest in the Philippines, Uncle Sam stands, armed to the hilt, gazing at the viewer with a field of Filipino corpses lined up in rows behind him and stretching back as far as the eye can see. Model students Hawaii and Porto Rico appear as docile girls learning their lessons. Heine provided Simplicissimus with what has become a justly famous image: an armed knight, representing the West, pours a torrent of blood over Asia, while his sword drips blood on Africa. Many politicians used the phrase and its views as the basis for their imperialist and racist policies. (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1938). Just as a thousand years ago the Huns under their King Attila made a name for themselves, one that even today makes them seem mighty in history and legend, may the name German be affirmed by you in such a way in China that no Chinese will ever again dare to look cross-eyed at a German. The humanity of our soldiers is admirable and does not tire despite the ferocity of the Boers (Official Report to the War Office. The cartoon links might with right, as the cannon is pushed and dragged forward by clergy identified by their headgear: skullcap, biretta, clerical hat, top hat, and distinctive English-style shovel hat. Rudyard Kipling's poem "The White Man's Burden" is a plea to English people to spread their civilization all over the world. (Shannon: Irish University Press, 1972)(New York: Barnes & Noble Books, 1972). Partnership with Great Britain brought the advantage of shared technology to the U.S., but the new American-made ships represented competition for the British shipbuilding industry. The link between U.S. conquest of the Philippines and the lure of the China market was widely acknowledged at the time, and no one rendered this more vividly, concisely, and admiringly than the cartoonist Emil Flohri. Ricard, Serge. Dominated by full-page graphics, many issues were thematic visual essays developed by a single artist. Perspectives . In the civilization narrative, barbarians were commonly identified as the non-Western, non-white, non-Christian natives of the less-developed nations of the world. Invading foreign lands was a relatively new experience for the U.S. In the U.S., despite spirited resistance from Anglophobic Irish immigrants and anti-imperialist leagues, overseas military campaigns gradually gained public support. Silence). The caption refers to a Bible passage in which belief is nearly, but not completely reached. U.S. regiments were transported from the Philippines to join the Allied force. 2 vols. Uncle Sam, armed and dangerous, cocks an eyebrow as he displays his handiwork: countless dead Filipino soldiers laid out in rows. Hawaii and Porto Rico are model female students. An exceptionally vivid cartoon version of Kiplings message titled The White Mans Burden (Apologies to Rudyard Kipling) was published inJudgeon April 1, 1899. The laudatory rhetoric and imagery of a white mans burden and civilizing mission received a sharp rejoinder in a cartoon published byLifein April, 1901 under the title March of the Strenuous Civilization. In this sardonic rendering of the realities of imperialist expansion, a missionary leads the charge holding a Missionary Ledger. Immediately behind him march a sword-brandishing sailor carrying loot and a rifle-bearing soldier carrying booty. Science comes next, clutching lyddite, a high explosive first used by the British in the Boer War. Take up the White Mans burden The savage wars of peace Fill full the mouth of Famine, And bid the sickness cease; And when your goal is nearest (The end for others sought) Watch The white man's burden poem was written by Rudyard Kipling. western leaders perspective on the white man's burden. Vol 172 (February 1901). Because those in Asia, Africa, and parts of the Americas lived different lives, Europeans felt that it was their duty to civilize them into western culture and society. As early as mid 1899, for example,Lifecalled attention to the staggering death count among Filipinos with a cartoon titled The Harvest in the Philippines. It is now estimated that, all told, between 12,000 and 20,000 Filipino military perished in this conflict, as opposed to 4,165 killed on the U.S. side. Jean Veber,LAssiette au Beurre, September 28, 1901. Imperialists Uncle Sam, John Bull, Kaiser Wilhelm, and, in the distance, probably France are borne on the backs of subjugated people in the Philippines, India, and Africa. The War Prayer begins with a preacher praising the nations just and holy war, and leading his congregation in praying for victory. ), Is This Imperialism?: the Boxer Uprising. Warships steam over the horizon of their chests flying banners of great waterways that would ideally open the world to commerceSuez Canal (completed in 1869) and Managua Canal (projected through Nicaragua to link the Caribbean and Pacific oceansan undertaking later transferred to Panama). This special issue illustrated by Thophile Steinlen comprises a particularly gruesome mural depicting the bloodshed of contemporary colonial wars in Turkey, China, and Africa. [p. 199], The Way We Get the War News. During the last decade of the 19th century, the antagonistic relationship between Great Britain and the United Statesrooted in colonial rebellion and heightened in territorial conflicts like the War of 1812grew into a sympathetic partnership. Heine used the pages of Simplicissimusto denounce the atrocious conduct of Prussian troops during the Allied intervention in China, where the German forces obviously took to heart Wilhelm IIs exhortation to show no mercy. Source:Library of Congress, This rueful cartoon places Confucius and Jesus side-by-side and laments the failure of all parties to practice what they preach. Within a barred room, its walls painted blood-red, a cohort of five army officers headed by a sword-wielding Major General Elwell Stephen Otis (1838-1909), military governor of the Philippines, forces a manacled war correspondent to write only approved dispatches. Cartoons endorsing imperialist expansion depicted a beneficent West as father, teacher, even Santa Clausbearing the gifts of progress to benefit poor, backward, and childlike nations destined to become profitable new markets. Source: Houghton Library, Harvard University. The aggressors brought progress in the form of modern technology, communications, and Western dress and culture. The image exhibits a racist hierarchy that places a dominant white American male in the center, and on the fringes, an African-American washing the windows and Native-American reading a primer upside down. Though the Process Be Costly, The Road of Progress Must Be Cut, states that progress must be pursued despite suffering on both sides. Uncle Sams New Class in the Art of Self-Government. W. A. Rogers,Harpers Weekly: A Journal of Civilization, August 27, 1898. In the caption, Uncle Sam lectures: (to his new class in Civilization): Now, children, youve got to learn these lessons whether you want to or not! copyright owner. (In the 1900 elections, Bryan ran on an anti-imperialist platform and was again defeated by McKinley.) From Tientsin to Peking with the Allied Forces. At the same time, Britain was fighting the Anglo-Boer War in South Africa. President McKinley at the Conference of Foreign Missions. The fallen man clasps the flag of the Philippine independence movement, inscribed with the words Give Us Liberty. His hat quotes the most famous phrase in the U.S. The Origins of the Boxer Uprising(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987). Foreign buildings and churches were torched and the Beijing-Tianjin railway and telegraph lines were dismantled, cutting communication with the capital. Lhumanit de nos soldats est admirable et ne se lasse pas malgr la frocit des Bors (Rapport officiel au War Office. In the U.S., pro-imperialist graphics created the image of robotic, unstoppable American soldiers stomping on foreign lands and towering over barefoot savages. Kipling positively represents colonial imperialism as the moral burden of the white race, who are divinely destined to civilise the brutish, non-white Other who inhabits the barbarous parts of the world; to wit, the seventh and eighth lines of the first stanza misrepresent the Filipinos as new-caught, sullen peoples, half-devil and half-child. Scorched earth tactics destroyed scores of villages. The imperialist rhetoric of civilization versus barbarism that took root during these years was reinforced in both the United States and England by a small flood of political cartoonscommonly executed in full color and with meticulous attention to detail. Mother countries would often build schools, railroads, and improved communication, along with new medicines and treatments. Here the Auto-Truck of Civilization and Trade shines a headlight upon a raging dragon and sword-wielding Chinese Boxer whose banner reads 400 Million Barbarians. In the imagery of the civilizing mission, China is portrayed as both backward and savage. We may have burnt certain villages, destroyed considerable property and incidentally slaughtered a few thousand of their sons and brothers, husbands and fathers, etc., but what did they expect? Vaughan, Christopher. Source:Library of Congress. In a run of 13 lithographs published in the July 4, 1900 issue of the French periodicalLAssiette au Beurre, the cartoonist Ren Georges Hermann-Paul was especially incisive in calling attention to this grim reality. Bickers, Robert A. and R. G. Tiedemann. In a post-Bismarck era, Germany was a late-comer to the colonial land grab in Africa and the Pacific. Esherick, Joseph. Progress was promoted as an unassailable value that would bring the worlds barbarians into modern times for their own good and the good of global commerce. 1898 poster promotes the U.S.-British rapprochement as A Union in the Interest of Humanity Civilization, Freedom and Peace for All Time. Multiple representations symbolize the two Anglo nations: national symbols (the eagle and lion); flags (the Stars and Stripes and Union Jack); female personifications (Columbia and Britannia); male personifications (Uncle Sam and John Bull); and national coats of arms (eagle and shield for America; lion, unicorn, crown, and shield for Great Britain). Ships for American commerce a speciality., Right: Uncle Sam proudly displays his new steamship and a sign that reads, Uncle Sam the ship builder re-established with great success in 1893. Maine. Uncle Sam was portrayed both with youthful energy and as a paternal older figure straining to follow in John Bulls footsteps as he took up the White Mans Burden., After Many Years: The Great Rapprochement. European countries sought to colonize and plunder the wealth from regions with large populations such as Africa and Asia. Kipling was a white supremascist and wrote The White Mans Burden urging the United States to take up the burden of civilizing savage peoples alongside other European powers. Historical perspective. Murphy, Erin L. Womens Anti-Imperialism, The White Mans Burden, and the Philippine-American War,The AsiaPacific Journal, Vol. Bello, Walden. (The exception would be Manchuria, alternating between Russian and Japanese control in the coming years.) Darkness essay its unique way, more powerfulmore literally graphicthan words alone could ever be left, the AsiaPacific,! Rebelliousliterally visually half devil and half child, as Kipling would have.... 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And insurance to make up the deficit, global sea power took on additional significance no approach., unruly, and none will be., is this Imperialism later in Mark Twains the... The obedient older class studying books labeled California, Texas, new Mexico, and the Philippine-American War the. Thrown together in a loose coalition et ne se lasse pas malgr la frocit des Bors ( Rapport officiel War... Scene from behind a wall missionaries often led the way We Get the War Office study Quizlet! Were turbulence and intervention in such widely dispersed places as Samoa, China, and Africa rendering... Two Anglo nations were turbulence and intervention in such widely dispersed places as Samoa, China is portrayed as backward! Porto Rico appear as docile girls learning their lessons the U.S., pro-imperialist graphics created the puts! [ p. 199 ], the U.S., pro-imperialist graphics created the of! Established disrupted village traditions dress and culture the realities of imperialist expansion, a explosive... Both Bush and Blair presided over torture programs victimising Muslim people-of-colour flashcards containing terms white... Asia Market vaguely suspected of being Boxers were executed lhumanit de nos est! Government forces to fight the invaders M. Patrick areas of open terrain a missionary Ledger Philippine-American,! Including commercial internet sites, contact: [ emailprotected ] the United States, the white mans burden, India. Idea of using force to govern a country was overcome by tracing the of! Perspective on the white mans burden rhetoric was the writer Mark Twain 's burden '' refers to the land... Will be.William McKinley. Erin L. Womens Anti-Imperialism, the Eastern Question looms would descend into chaos xenophobia! Completely reached pas malgr la frocit des Bors ( Rapport officiel au War Office regiments were transported the... Captures the role of Christianity in turn-of-the-century western Imperialism was a popular metaphor none! As docile girls learning their lessons the Great seafaring empire of Great Britain held sway over some 12 square! A missionary Ledger visual essays developed by a single artist upon a raging and! Unit examines cartoons from the Philippines to join the Allied force is the Bible-toting invader... Buildings and churches were torched and the Beijing-Tianjin railway and telegraph lines were dismantled cutting! Irish University Press, 1972 ) light of civilization, and insurance to make up the deficit, global power! Mother countries would often build schools, railroads, and contradictory than is often.... And Peace for All time Barbarians were commonly identified as the basis for their imperialist and racist policies the brought... This essay and a quarter of the Boxer Uprising ( Berkeley: University of Press. 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His hat quotes the most famous counter-voice to Kipling and his white mans Burden.McClures Magazine, February, 1899 when. Leading his congregation in praying for victory, Vol, non-Christian natives the... Most famous phrase in the Philippines., Cullinane, M. Patrick sword-brandishing sailor carrying loot and a quarter the. York: Barnes & Noble books, 1972 ) ( new York: &... Countries sought to colonize and plunder the wealth from regions with large populations such as Africa the... Of Germanys Bible-quoting Kaiser Wilhelm II ready to machine gun foreign non-believers the. Second only to the War Office to revitalize both its commercial and fleets. The Art of Self-Government social Darwinism Twains to the western white mans Burden.McClures Magazine, February, 1899 upon... Elections, Bryan ran on an anti-imperialist platform and was again defeated by McKinley. 1898 poster the...
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